电子创新元件网 - 运算放大器 - 德赢平台,德赢ac米兰官方区域合作伙伴 //www.jhzyg.net/tag/%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%A8 zh-hans 如何正确理解运算放大器输入失调电压? //www.jhzyg.net/content/2022/100557962.html <!-- This file is not used by Drupal core, which uses theme functions instead. See http://api.drupal.org/api/function/theme_field/7 for details. After copying this file to your theme's folder and customizing it, remove this HTML comment. --> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"><p>输入失调电压Vos(Voltage - Input Offset),指的是为使运算放大器输出端为0V所需加于两输入端间之补偿电压。理想之运算放大器其Vos应该为0V。</p> <p> 输入失调电压相当于加载输入端的一个额外的电压源。举个例子:</p> <p>如果闭环增益G=1(如下图左边), 失调电压Vos传导到输出端Vout = Vos</p> <p>如果闭环增益G=1000(如下图右边),失调电压Vos传导到输出端Vout = 1000Vos<br /> </p><center><img src="//www.jhzyg.net/files/2022-02/wen_zhang_/100557962-243795-tu1butongbihuanzengyixiadeshidiaodianyavosduiyushuchudianyayingxiang.png" alt="" /></center> <p align="center"><strong>图1:不同闭环增益下的失调电压Vos对于输出电压影响(图片来源:TI)</strong></p> <p>所以,闭环增益越大,失调电压对于输出的影响越大。</p> <p> 除此之外,我们还要注意一点。失调电压不是一直不变的,最大的失调电压变化一般出现在输出极值时。</p> <p>为了保证失调电压在可控范围内,我们还要关注开环增益。我们在定义开环增益时,比如TI的TLV8542,我们会发现开环增益的工作条件分别在电源正轨道-0.6V,负轨道+0.6V定义。<br /> </p><center><img src="//www.jhzyg.net/files/2022-02/wen_zhang_/100557962-243796-tu2tlv8542kaihuanzengyi.png" alt="" /></center> <p align="center"><strong>图2:TLV8542开环增益(图片来源:TLV8542数据手册)</strong></p> <p>如下图,横坐标输出电压Vout从负电源轨-Vs到正电源轨+Vs变化。蓝线代表开环增益,开环增益会在接近电源正负轨时,我们可以看到急剧恶化。<br /> </p><center><img src="//www.jhzyg.net/files/2022-02/wen_zhang_/100557962-243797-tu3.png" alt="" /></center> <p>所以对于开环增益的定义,很多厂商(比如TI), 会在一个较大的输出摆动范围求其平均值,以实现良好的线性运行。比如选择电源正轨道-0.6V,负轨道+0.6V来计算开环增益,如上图红线。</p> <p>最大的失调电压变化一般出现在输出极值时,比如接近电源正负轨。在中间部分,增量开环增益较高,然后在输出接近电源正负轨道附近的时候下降。如果将运算放大器推向其摆幅极限时(超负荷工作),失调电压会更剧烈地上升。</p> <p> 让我们来做一些具体的计算。如果直流开环增益为100dB,则相当于:<br /> </p><center><img src="//www.jhzyg.net/files/2022-02/wen_zhang_/100557962-243798-tu4.png" alt="" /></center> <p>因此,每从中位电压输出摆动1V,输入电压必须改变10μV。可把它看作随直流输出电压变化的失调电压。输出摆动9V,变化为90μV。</p> <p> 所以,为了保证失调电压在可控范围内,尽量不要让放大器工作在超负荷工作,从而导致更大的失调电压。</p> <p>文章来源: 得捷电子DigiKey </p> </div> </div> </div> <!-- This file is not used by Drupal core, which uses theme functions instead. See http://api.drupal.org/api/function/theme_field/7 for details. After copying this file to your theme's folder and customizing it, remove this HTML comment. --> <ul class="list-inline"> <li> <a href="/tag/运算放大器"><span class='glyphicon glyphicon-tag'></span> 运算放大器</a> </li> <li> <a href="/tag/失调电压"><span class='glyphicon glyphicon-tag'></span> 失调电压</a> </li> </ul> Thu, 24 Feb 2022 01:13:19 +0000 judy 100557962 at //www.jhzyg.net //www.jhzyg.net/content/2022/100557962.html#comments 运算放大器中“轨到轨”的意义 //www.jhzyg.net/content/2022/100557326.html <!-- This file is not used by Drupal core, which uses theme functions instead. See http://api.drupal.org/api/function/theme_field/7 for details. After copying this file to your theme's folder and customizing it, remove this HTML comment. --> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><em><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">本文转载自: ADI智库(作者: 小A同学)</span></em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">设计放大电路时,随着信号的幅度的增大,输出信号逐渐增大。但会遇到下面两种情况:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1)当输出信号增大到一定程度时,虽然此时的输出信号幅度还没有达到电源轨,但输出信号已经饱和,如图 1。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />2)当供电电压一定时,随着负载阻抗的减小,输出信号出现饱和。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></p><center style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://mouser.eetrend.com/files/2020-07/wen_zhang_/100050270-101459-1.png" alt="“图1输出超过电源范围的失真信号&quot;" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; max-width: 100%;" /></center><center style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图1输出超过电源范围的失真信号</em></center><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">上述两种情况是由于放大器的输入范围与输出范围这两个参数影响了放大电路。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">输入电压范围(Input VoltageRange)</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">使得放大器能够正常工作的最大的输入电压范围。通常我们也将其称为放大器的输入轨。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></p><center style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://mouser.eetrend.com/files/2020-07/wen_zhang_/100050270-101460-2.png" alt="“图2" ada4004="" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; max-width: 100%;" /></center><center style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图2 ADA4004数据手册</em></center><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">图 2所示为ADA4004在正负5V供电的情况下,其输入的电压轨为-3.5V到+3.5V。那么在这种供电情况下,输入电压超过这个范围输出信号将出现失真。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">输出电压范围(Output VoltageRange)</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在给定供电电压与特定负载的情况下,输出电压的最大范围。</p><center style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://mouser.eetrend.com/files/2020-07/wen_zhang_/100050270-101461-3.jpg" alt="“图3" ltc2063="" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; max-width: 100%;" /></center><center style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图3 LTC2063 输出电压范围</em></center><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在芯片的datasheet中描述输出电压范围的参数通常会使用VOL来表示接近负电源轨的电压差,使用VOH来表示接近正电源轨的电压差。图3描述的是LTC2063在供电电压为5V时当负载为499K时,典型的VOL为0.1V,VOH为0.15V。那么也就是这种情况下输出的电压范围的典型值为0.1V-4.85V。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">充分利用电源轨</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在一些特殊的场合,如穿戴设备,由于采用锂电池供电,并且需要考虑到尺寸等问题,因此通常其供电电压并不高。如采用锂电池3.7V供电,在这种情况下,为了尽可能的使信号的幅度大就需要充分利用系统所提供的电源轨。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在这种低压单电源供电的情况下,希望放大器能够正常处理接近电源轨的输入信号,因此就需要输入轨到轨(Rail to RailInput)放大器。这种放大器的输入范围允许接近电源轨,当然通常只能是接近并不能达到电源轨。也存在一些特例,有的放大器允许输入的电压的范围超过电源轨,这类放大器通常是由于内部做了电荷泵升压。我们暂不讨论这种情况。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">轨到轨输入放大器的输入特性</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">由于在放大器的输入级设计了互补差分输入拓扑,图 4是ADI的LTC6261放大器的简图,其中Q1~Q4构成了互补差分输入对管。在其输入级存在两对差分对,当放大器的输入信号接近负的电源时,输入的P管(Q1 &amp; Q2)导通同时N管(Q3 &amp; Q4)关闭,此时是由P差分对来提供差分信号给放大器内部的中间级。当输入信号接近正电压轨时,输入差分对中的N管导通而P管关闭,此时是由N差分对来提供差分信号给放大器内部的中间级。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></p><center style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://mouser.eetrend.com/files/2020-07/wen_zhang_/100050270-101462-4.jpg" alt="“图4" ltc6261="" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; max-width: 100%;" /></center><center style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图4 LTC6261内部简图</em></center><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">轨到轨输入放大器使用注意事项</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">看起来,轨到轨输入是一个很好的解决放大器输入级信号范围的方法,但是在使用这种放大器的时候需要注意到,由于输入差分对中的P管与N管的失调电压不同,因而会导致放大器的输入失调电压(Input OffsetVoltage)会在切换点发生变化。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></p><center style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://mouser.eetrend.com/files/2020-07/wen_zhang_/100050270-101463-5.jpg" alt="“图5" ltc2063="" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; max-width: 100%;" /></center><center style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图5 LTC2063共模输入电压与输入失调电压的关系</em></center><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">图5是ADI的LTC2063在不同供电电压的情况下共模输入电压与输入失调电压的关系,从图中可以看出来:在5V供电的情况下,输入信号为4.2V左右时发生切换,此时失调电压发生变化。在1.8V供电的情况下,输入信号为1V左右时发生切换,输入失调电压发生变化。因此在设计精密放大电路时需要注意,当输入的信号包含了切换点的电压时,那么放大器的失调电压会发生变化,因此需要判断这个失调电压是否足以影响到我们关心的信号精度。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">这些情况不用轨到轨输入放大器</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在设计电路的时候,仔细的考虑是否真的需要使用输入轨到轨的放大器。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1)当设计时候如果增益不为单位增益,那么通常就不需要输入轨到轨,因为输出信号是不会大于电源轨的,因此当放大电路存在大于1的增益时,其输入信号必定小于电源轨。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2)通常对于反向放大电路也是不需要输入轨到轨放大器的,因为对于反向放大电路而言,其共模输入电压是一个定值,并且这个电压值等于放大器的同相端的电压。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Ubuntu, Tahoma, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">3)在单电源电路中我们通常会通过放大器的同相端配置一个偏置电压,并且使得这个偏置电压符合放大器的输入共模范围,因此不需要使用输入轨到轨放大器。</p></div> </div> </div> <!-- This file is not used by Drupal core, which uses theme functions instead. See http://api.drupal.org/api/function/theme_field/7 for details. After copying this file to your theme's folder and customizing it, remove this HTML comment. --> <ul class="list-inline"> <li> <a href="/tag/运算放大器"><span class='glyphicon glyphicon-tag'></span> 运算放大器</a> </li> </ul> Tue, 25 Jan 2022 03:30:38 +0000 judy 100557326 at //www.jhzyg.net //www.jhzyg.net/content/2022/100557326.html#comments